Thea Erly 1900-1916)Years

Thea Erly 1900-1916)Years ( In early years I/O psychology did not have even a name. There were two forces that gather momentum before 1900. One of the force was *the pragmatic nature of some basic psychological research. In this the most psychologists were absolutely scientific and advisably avoided studying problems that strayed outside the boundaries of pure research. Any way W.L. Bryan published a paper in 1879 “How professional telegraph develop skill in sending and resaving Morse codes. And in 1904 touched on having psychology study “Concrete activities and factions as they appear in everyday life” (p. 80). Brayan was not supporter for studying problems found in industry separately. But he examines to develop scientific psychology. Brayn is not father of I/O psychology but he was considered as pioneer of I/O psychology. The 2nd major force was “desire of industrial engineers to improve efficiency. Mainly they were concern with the economics of manufacturing of industrial employees. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, a husband and wife contributed pioneering knowledge about the time an motion in industrial psychology. They might be the best known for the experiment on the elements of human motion, which they called ‘therbligs’. In 1997 Koppes reported that Lillian Gilberth was one of the great psychologist who contributed substaintly in the era of I/O Psychology. In 1908 Gilberth had a historic speech at the meeting of industrial engineers. She was asked for declare her opinion cause she was an only woman who attend in the meeting. According to yost (1943), Lillian Gilberth “ Rose to her feet and remarked that the human being of course, was the most important element in the industry, and that is seemed to her this element had not been receiving attention in warranted. The engineer scientific training, she said was all for handling of inanimate objects. She called attention to the fact that the psychology was fast becoming the science and that it had much to offer that was being ignored by management engineers. The plea in her impromptu remark was for the new profession of scientific management to open its eyes to the necessary place psychology had in any problem industrial engineers worked out”(Koppes, 1997, p, 511 ) In this order psychology concern for increasing industrial capableness. It was the energy for the emergence of I/O psychology. In the late 19th century Kopps (2002) observed that American society had been change quickly and development because of industrialization, immigration, a birth rate, education and urban growth. American looked toward science for practical solution. By 1910 industrial psychology was a legitimate specialty era of psychology and the organization appendage did not become specialty area of psychology. There were three major psychologists who contributed for I/O psychology. They are known as • Walter Dill Scott • Frederick W. Taylor • Hugo Munsterberg Walter Dill Scott. (1869-1955) Walter Dill Scott, another student of Woundt at Leipzig university. He left introspective psychology to apply the new science to advertising and business. He was convinced to talk with some Chicago business leaders on the need for applying psychology to adverting. This talking was well resaved and led to publication of the book • The Theory of Advertising ( 1903) • The psychology of advertising (1908). The 1st book dealt with suggestion and argument as mean of influence people. The 2nd was aimed at improving human efficiency with such tricks as invitation, competition, loyalty and concentration. By 1911 Scott had expanded his books and published two more books. “Influencing Men in Business” and “Increasing Human Efficiency in Business. During World War I, Scott was personnel in the army. Scott’s worked reflect the concern of the functionalist school of psychology with practice issues. One historian of psychology noted “upon returning from Wundt’s Leipzig to turn-of –the century Chicago, Scott’s publication shifted from Germanic theorizing to the American usefulness. Instead of explaining motives and impulses In general, Scott described how to influence people, including consumers, lecture audiences, and workers. (Von Mayrhauser, 1989,p.61 ) Scott compiled an impressive list of first. He was • The first person to apply psychology to personnel selection and management and to advertising, and author to the first book in the field, • The first to hold the title of professor of applied psychology, • Founder of the first psychology consulting company, and • The first psychologist to receive the Distinguished Service Medal from the U.S army.(The modern history of psychology, p ,239) Frederick W.Taylor Taylor was an engineer by profession. He was limited from his formal training. But he was improved through experience and self training in engineering. He worked himself one of the company as a worker, supervisor, and also plant manager. He realized the value of redesigning the work situation to achieve the higher output for the company and a higher salary for the work. His great work was his book, “The Principle of Scientific Management “(1911). Van De Water (1997) reported these principles as • Science over rule of thumb • Scientific selection and training • Cooperation over individualism and • Equal division of work best suited to management and employees. Taylor showed an example for his methods. He showed that the workers who work heavy iron ingots could be more productive if they had rest while they work. Therefore he observed it and as a result the average increased worker productivity from 12.5 to 47.0 tons moved per day. The company also moved very sharply by reducing cost from 9.2 cents per ton to 3.9 cents per ton. In this way he declared and proved that the rest is very important to the brain while working. As a effect of this method, it proved the unnecessary a higher salary for workers and great numbers of workers. Eventually his method was investigated by the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) and U.S House of representatives. Taylor replied that increased efficiency led to greater, not less, prosperity. Hugo Munsterberg Hugo Munsterberg was a German psychologist. The American psychologist William James invited Munsterberg to Hayward University. Therefore he finished PhD from Wundt in 1885 and M.D from University of Heidelberg two years later. Munsterberg was interested in applying traditional psychology methods practice industrial problem. Also he was a founder of applied psychology in united state and Europe. He wrote hundred of popular magazine articles and also two dozen books. He was a lecturer of University of Freiburg and he set up a laboratory in his own home because the University lacked suitable facilities. He wrote a book “Psychology and Industrial Efficiency” (1913). IT was divided as into 3 parts. • Workers and their selection • Design work situation • Using psychology in sales One of Munsterberg renowned studies involved determining what make a safe trolley car operator. He studied all phase of the jobs. And he develops his ingénues laboratory. Some writer concerned Munsterberg as a father of the I/O psychology. Landy (1992) reported that most of well known psychologists all over 20th centaury can trace their profession roots back to Munsterberg. When World War I broke out in Europe, Munsterberg support for Germany. He was expelled for his allegiance and the emotional weariness was the reason to his death in 1916. The emphasize of the early work in I/O psychology was on the economic gains. Therefore in this age business leaders began to employee psychologists and some psychologist entered applied research. However World War 1st caused a shift in the direction of I/O psychology research. World War I World War was the major reason for the rise of I/O psychology. Psychologists believed that they could provide a voluble service to their nation. Someone’s means a war speed the profession progress. The psychologist Robert Yerkes was the instrumental in involving psychology in the war. He was a president of APA. Therefore in war effort he maneuvered the profession into assignment. The psychologist committees investigated soldier motivation, moral, psychological problems, physical incapacity, and discipline. Yerkes continued his view that psychology could be the great help to his nation in wartime. Yerkes and other psychologists reviewed a series of general intelligence test and eventually developed one, that they called the Army Alpha. When they discovered 30℅ of the uneducated were the enlists, they develop the the Army Beta. A special text was for those who cannot read English. In this time W.D. Scott was doing research on the placement of army. He graded and placed enlist solders, investigated their conduct performance and he developed job duties and qualifications for other 500 jobs. World War II brought psychologist for testing and classifying enlists. And the weapon for the war had increased. They were enough complex to operate. It needs highly skilled people. So highly skilled people were required to operate them. Psychology identified them who had ability and selected them to learn and training procedures. These necessiones of war gave new name to I/O psychology such as engineering psychology, human engineering human factor engineering or ergonomics. Engineering psychologist worked closely with weapon systems engineers to supply information about human capacity and limitation. Engineering psychologist today work not only on military hardware but also on consumer products such as computer keyboard, office furniture, home appliances, and auto mobile dashboard displays.